INFObase: Site Glossary
ABSORPTION
Nutritionally, the process by which nutrients are absorbed through the intestinal tract into the bloodstream to be used by the body. If nutrients are not properly absorbed, nutritional deficiencies can result.ACETIC ACID
A weak inorganic acid that is the active ingredient in vinegar; a 4- to 5-percent solution of acetic acid in water makes vinegar.ACID
Any of a class of compounds that share certain basic chemical characteristics. Acids have low pH, are usually sour to the taste and, in their pure form, are often corrosive. They can be either organic or inorganic compounds. Acids found in plant tissues (especially fruits) tend to prevent the secretion of fluids and shrink tissues.ACIDOPHILUS
Lactobacillus acidophilus. A species of bacteria that is normally found in a healthy intestine.ACIDOSIS
A condition characterized by excessive acidity of bodily fluids.ACUTE ILLNESS
An illness that comes on quickly and may cause relatively severe symptoms, but is of limited duration.ADAPTOGEN
These herbs have immune system enhancers which help the body adjust to change, regulate stress and restore natural immune resistance. Herbs that are used for this purpose include echinacea, garlic, Ginkgo biloba, ginseng, goldenseal, pau d'arco and suma.ADRENAL GLAND
One of a pair of glands situated atop the kidneys. The adrenal glands are the source of the stress hormones epinephrine (adrenaline) and cortisol, among others.ALLERGEN
A substance that provokes an allergic response.ALLERGY
An inappropriate response by the immune system to a normally harmless substance. Allergies can affect any of the body's tissues. Hay fever is a common type of allergy.ALLYL SULFIDES
Phytochemicals found in leeks, onions, garlic, and chives that act to detoxify the body.ALTERATIVE
Alteratives are considered useful in altering body chemistry gradually. Herbs with alterative properties stimulate gradual changes in metabolism and tissue function in acute and chronic conditions and increase overall health, energy, vigor and strength. Alteratives are similar to tonics, which help both the overall system as well as aiding particular organs, tissues and cells. Alterative herbs include aloe vera, black cohosh, blue cohosh, blue vervain, capsicum, cascara sagrada, chamomile, damiana, dandelion, echinacea, elecampane, fenugreek, garlic, gentian, ginger, Ginkgo biloba, goldenseal, hawthorn, horsetail, milk thistle, red clover, red raspberry, schizandra, suma, yarrow and yellow dock root.ALTERNATIVE THERAPY
The treatment of disease by means other than conventional medical, pharmacological, and surgical techniques.AMINO ACID
Any of twenty-two nitrogen-containing organic acids from which proteins are made. Most are synthesized in the liver, but eight of them cannot be. Because they must be taken in through the diet, these are called essential amino acids.ANABOLIC COMPOUND
A substance that allows the conversion of simple nutritive materials into complex materials that are part of living tissue during the constructive phase of metabolism.ANALGESIC
A substance that relives pain. Analgesic herbs are used to relieve pain without loss of consciousness. Some of the herbs commonly used as analgesics include feverfew, lobelia, mullein, pau d'arco, skullcap, willow bark and wood betony.ANEMIA
A deficiency in the blood's ability to carry oxygen to the body tissues, caused by an unusually low number of red blood cells, too little hemoglobin in the red blood cells, or low blood volume.ANESTHETIC
Anesthetics are used for their ability to cause physical insensitivity. Examples of herbs with this property are caraway, kava kava and tea tree (meleleuca).ANGINA PECTORIS
A syndrome of chest pain with sensations of suffocation, typically brought on by exertion and relieved by rest.ANODYNE
Herbs with this property have the ability to soothe and reduce the intensity of pain. Herbs with this ability include anise, chamomile, cloves, juniper, pleurisy root and rosemary.ANORECTIC
Anorectic herbs help to reduce appetite. Herbs with this property are chickweed, ephedra, fennel, garcinia and guarana.ANTACID
An antacid is used to neutralize acids in the stomach and intestinal tract. Herbs used as an antacid are dandelion, fennel, ginger, kelp, Iceland moss and slippery elm.ANTERIOR
In or toward the front.ANTHELMINTIC
Herbs with anthelmintic agents either expel or destroy worms in the body. Other similar terms to describe such agents include vermifuge, vermicide and taeniacide. Herbs with these abilities include black cohosh, blue walnut, gentian, goldenseal, mandrake, prickly ash, pumpkin seed and senna.ANTIASTHMATIC
Antiasthmatics are used to help relieve the symptoms associated with asthma. Some of the antiasthmatic herbs are elecampane, ephedra, gotu kola, lobelia, osha, wild cherry and yerba santa.ANTIBACTERIAL
Antibacterial herbs are those that fight and destroy bacteria and include alfalfa, basil, chamomile, cinnamon, clove, eucalyptus, parsley, peppermint, rhubarb, tumeric, uva ursi and yucca.ANTIBIOTIC
Tending to destroy or inhibit the growth of microorganisms, especially bacteria and/or fungi; or a substance that has this property. Some herbs commonly used as natural antibiotics include buchu, chaparral, echinacea, garlic, goldenseal, myrrh, red clover and yellow dock.ANTIBODY
A protein molecule made by the immune system that is designed to intercept and neutralize a specific invading organism or other foreign substance.ANTICATARRHAL
These are herbs which help dissolve and eliminate, as well as prevent the formation of mucus and inflammation of the mucus membranes. Anticatarrhal herbs are comfrey, elecampane, ephedra, fenugreek, licorice, lobelia, marshmallow, mullein and wild cherry.ANTICOAGULANT
Anticoagulant herbs help the prevent clotting of the blood. Herbs with this constituent include garlic, turmeric and yellow melilot.ANTICONVULSANT
A substance that prevents or relieves seizures.ANTIEMETIC
Antiemetics prevent vomiting, and herbs with this ability include clove, Iceland moss, raspberry and spearmint.ANTIFUNGAL
Antifungal agents act against and destroy various fungi. Herbs in this category include alfalfa, cinnamon, cloves, garlic, kava kava , kombucha, parsley, St. John's wort, skullcap, thyme and turmeric.ANTIGALACTAGOGUE
Antigalactagogue are herbs that prevent lactation in women. Sage and black walnut are examples of antigalactagogues.ANTIGEN
A substance that can elicit the formation of an antibody when introduced into the body.ANTIHISTAMINE
A substance that interferes with the action of histamines by binding to histamine receptors in various body tissues.ANTIHYDROTIC
Antihydrotics reduce levels of perspiration. Astragalus and sage are herbs with this ability.ANTI-INFLAMMATORY
Herbs with this ability reduce inflammation without acting directly on the cause of the inflammation. Herbs with anti-inflammatory agents are birch, chicory, cranberry, elder flowers, eucalyptus, fennel, feverfew, ginger, licorice, marshmallow, papaya, passion flower, peppermint, pine tree bark, queen of the meadow, rhubarb, rosemary, safflower, turmeric, wild yam and with hazel.ANTILITHIC
Antilithic herbs work to prevent the formation of stones in the gall bladder and kidneys, as well as aiding the expulsion of those already formed. Antilithics are similar to lithotriptics. Some herbs used for this purpose are buchu leaves, hydrangea and uva ursi.ANTIMICROBIAL
Antimicrobials help the body destroy microbes by affecting their growth and multiplication. Herbs with this ability include fennel, feverfew, myrrh, pau d'arco, rhubarb, tea tree and uva ursi.ANTINEOPLASTIC
Herbs with this quality destroy, inhibit and prevent tumors. Herbs in this category include aloe vera, black walnut, burdock, cat's claw, chickweed, flaxseed, garlic, hops, horsetail, ho-shou-wu, irish moss, mistletoe, pau d'arco, periwinkle, pine tree bark, reishi mushroom, rhubarb, saffron, St. John's wort, slippery elm and turmeric.ANTIOXIDANT
A substance that blocks or inhibits destructive oxidation reactions. Examples include vitamins C and E, the minerals selenium and germanium, the enzymes catalase and superoxide dismutase (SOD), coenzyme Q10, and some amino acids. Herbs included in this category are barley, bilberry, cat's claw, chaparral, Ginkgo biloba, milk thistle, pine tree, rosemary, sage and turmeric.ANTIPERIODIC
This constituent counteracts the effects of periodic diseases like malaria. Herbs in this category are angelica, blue vervain, boneset, chinchona, eucalyptus, goldenseal and willow.ANTIPHYLOGISTIC
Antiphylogistic herbs prevent inflammation. Herbs with this ability include chamomile, couch grass and tormentil.ANTIPYRETIC
A substance that lowers fever.ANTIRHEUMATIC
Antirheumatic herbs help ease and prevent arthritis and rheumatism. Antirheumatic herbs include alfalfa, buchu, buckthron, bugleweed, burdock, devil's claw, hydrangea, mandrake, queen of the meadow and yucca.ANTISEPTIC
Antiseptic herbs help to prevent and counteract infection and the formation of pus by inhibiting the growth of the infectious organism. Antispectic herbs are black walnut, chaparral, echinacea, elecampane, garlic, gentian, Ginkgo biloba, goldenseal, myrrh, rose hips, tea tree oil, uva ursi and valerian.ANTISPASMODIC
A substance that relieves or prevents spasms and cramping. Antispasmodic herbs are used to prevent or counteract spasms. They include black cohosh, blue cohosh, cascara sagrada, catnip, cramp bark, dong quai, gotu kola, hawthorn, uniper berries, kava kava, lobelia, mistletoe and skullcap.ANTITUSSIVE
Antitussive herbs are cough suppressants. Herbs in this group include coltsfoot, comfrey, horehound, mullein and wild cherry bark.ANTIVENOMOUS
Antivenomous herbs counteract venom (i.e., snake bite). Herbs with this property are pennyroyal and plantain.ANTIVIRAL
Antiviral agents act to destroy virsues in the body. Herbs with antiviral properties are aloe vera, astragalus, barley, boneset, calendula, echinacea, ho-shou-wu, licorice, maitake, reishi, pau d'arco, red raspberry and turmeric.APHRODISIAC
Any herb that helps to restore normal sexual potency and function and improve sexual desire is considered an aphrodisiac. Aphrodisiac herbs include astragalus, damiana, false unicorn, fenugreek, ginseng, kava kava and saw palmetto.APPESTAT
The area of the brain that controls appetite, probably located in the hypothyalamus.ARRHYTHMIA
See cardiac arrhythmia.ARTERIOSCLEROSIS
A circulatory disorder characterized by a thickening and stiffening of the walls of large and medium-sized arteries, which impedes circulation.ARTERI/ARTERIO-
Pertaining to an artery or arteries (prefix).ARTERY
A blood vessel through which blood is pumped from the heart to all the organs, glands, and other tissues of the body.ARTICULAR
Pertaining to one or more joints.ASCORBATE
A mineral salt of vitamin C. Taken as nutritional supplements, ascorbates are less acidic (and therefore less irritating) than pure ascorbic acid and also provide for better absorption of both the vitamin C and the mineral.ASCORBIC ACID
The organic acid more commonly known as vitamin C.ASTRINGENT
Astringents act to contract, constrict and tighten tissue which can help eliminate secretions and hemorrhaging. Some herbs with astringent properties are amaranth, blackberry root, black walnut, capsicum, elecampane, ephedra, fenugreek, horsetail, hydrangea, mullein, oak bar, queen of the meadow, St. John's wort, slippery elm and with hazel.ATHEROSCLEROSIS
The most common type of arteriosclerosis, caused by the accumulation of fatty deposits in the inner linings of the arteries.ATOPIC
Used to refer to conditions, especially allergies, that develop as a result of an inherited predisposition.AURICULAR
Pertaining to the ear.AUTOIMMUNE DISORDER
Any condition in which the immune system reacts inappropriately to the body's own tissues and attacks them, causing damage and/or interfering with normal functioning. Examples include Bright's disease, diabetes, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and systemic lupus erythematosus.AUTOLOGOUS TRANSFUSION
A transfusion of one's own blood that has been collected and kept for later use.BACTEREMIA
A bacterial infection in the blood.BACTERIA
Single-celled microorganisms. Some bacteria can case disease; other ("friendly") bacteria are normally percent in the body and perform such useful functions as aiding digestion and protecting the body from harmful invading organisms.BEHAVIOR MODIFICATION
The use of techniques such as conditioning, basic, learning, and habit-creation to alter behavior.BENIGN
Literally, "harmless." Used to refer to cells, especially cells growing in inappropriate locations, that are not malignant (cancerous).BETA CAROTENE
A substance the body uses to make vitamin A.BILE
A bitter, yellowish substance that is released by the liver into the intestines for the digestion of fats.BIOFEEDBACK
A technique for helping an individual to become conscious of usually unconscious body processes, such as heartbeat or body temperature, so that he or she can gain some measure of control over them, and thereby learn to manage the effects of various disorders, including acute back pain, migraines, and Raynaud's disease.BIOFLAVONOID
Any of a group of biologically active flavonoids. They are essential for the stability and absorption of vitamin C. Although they are not technically vitamins, they are sometimes referred to as vitamin P.BIOPSY
Excision of tissue from a living being for diagnosis.BITTER
Bitters act on the mucous membranes in the mouth to promote appetitie and encourage digestion. Herbs in this category include alfalfa, blackberry, blessed thistle, bugleweed, chaparral, chinchona, eyebright, feverfew, gentian, licorice, quassia, watercress, wild cherry and wild lettuce.BLOOD COUNT
A basic diagnostic test in which a sample of blood is examined and the number of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets determined; or the results of such a test.BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER
A mechanism involving the capillaries and certain other cells of the brain that keeps many substances, especially water-based substances, from passing out of the blood vessels to be absorbed by the brain tissue.BLOOD SUGAR
The glucose (a form of sugar) present in the blood.BLOOD PURIFIER
As the name implies blood purifiers are herbs that remove impurities from the blood, similar to depurative. Blood purifying herbs are birch, buckthron, calendula, centaury, couch grass, dandelion, plantain and watercress.BOTULISM
A type of food poisoning caused by the ingestion of botulin, a toxin manufactured by the bacteria Clostridium botulinum.BOWEL TOLERANCE
The amount of any substance the body can tolerate before it results in diarrhea.BRADYCARDIA
Abnormally slow heartbeat.BREWER'S YEAST
A type of yeast that is a source of B-complex vitamins.BRONCHI
The two main branches of the trachea (windpipe) that lead to the lungs.BRONCHIOLE
The small, thin-walled air passages that branch off from the bronchi in the lungs.BRONCHODILATOR
A substance that causes the air passages to relax and widen.CANDIDA ALBICANS
A type of fungus normally present at some level in the body. If it is present in overabundance, it causes yeast infection. Known as candida.CAPILLARIES
Tiny blood vessels (their walls are about one cell thick) that allow the exchange of nutrients and wastes between the bloodstream and the body's cells.CARBOHYDRATE
Any one of many organic substances, almost all of them of plant origin, that are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, and serve as the major source of energy in the diet.CARCINOGEN
An agent that is capable of inducing cancerous changes in cells and/or tissues.CARDIAC
Pertaining to the heart.CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIA
An abnormal heart rate or rhythm.CARDITIS
Inflammation of the heart tissue.CARMINATIVE
Herbs which can eliminate gas from the stomach and intestine, are considered carminatives. Some herbs with carminative abilities are angelica root, capsicum, caraway seed, catnip, chamomile flowers, echinacea, fennel, ginger, hops, lemon balm, parsley root, peppermint, saffron and valerian.CAROTENE
A yellow to orange pigment that is converted into vitamin A in the body. There are several different forms, including alpha-, beta-, and gamma-carotene.CAROTENOIDS
A group of phytochemicals that act as antioxidants and includes the carotenes as well as some other substances.CAT scan
Computerized axial tomography scan. A computerized x-ray scanning procedure used to create a three-dimensional picture of the body, or part of the body, for the purpose of detecting abnormalities.CAUTERIZATION
A technique used to stop bleeding that involves applying electrical current, a laser beam, or a chemical such as silver nitrate directly to a broken blood vessel.CELL
A very small but complex organic unit consisting of a nucleus, cytoplasm, and a cell membrane. All living tissues are composed of cells.CELLULOSE
An indigestible carbohydrate found in the outer layers of fruits and vegetables.CEPHALGIA
Medical term for headache.CEPHALO-
Pertaining to the head (prefix).CEREBRAL
Pertaining to the brain.CERVICAL
(1) Pertaining to the neck. (2) Pertaining to the narrow lower part of the uterus that
joins with the vagina.CHALAZION
A tiny cyst that appears as a small bump on the rim of the eyelid.CHELATION
A chemical process by which a larger molecule or group of molecules surround or enclose a mineral atom.CHELATION THERAPY
The introduction of certain substances into the body so that they will chelate, and then remove, foreign substances such as lead, cadmium, arsenic, and other heavy metals. Chelation therapy can also be used to reduce or remove calcium-based plaque from the linings of the blood vessels, easing the flow of blood to vital organs and tissues.CHEMOTHERAPY
Treatment of disease by the use of chemicals (such as drugs), especially the use of chemical treatments to combat cancer.CHIROPRACTIC
A system of healing based on the belief that many disorders result from misalignments (called subluxations) of the spinal vertebrae and other joints. Chiropractors primarily treat illness by using physical manipulation techniques to bring the body into proper alignment and thus restore normal health and functioning.CHLOROPHYLL
The pigment responsible for the green color of plant tissues. It can be taken in supplement form as a source of magnesium and trace elements.CHOLAGOGUE
Cholagogue herbs increase the flow of bile, which aids in digestion, as well as actin g as a mild laxative. Herbs with this property are aloe vera, barberry, culver's root, dandelion, goldenseal, hops, licorice, Oregon grape root and wild yam.CHOLESTEROL
A crystalline substance that is soluble in fats and that is produced by all vertebrates. It is a necessary constituent of cell membranes and facilitates the transport and absorption of fatty acids. Excess cholesterol, however, is a potential threat to health.CHONDRO-
Pertaining to cartilage (prefix).CHROMOSOME
Any of the threadlike strands of DNA in the nuclei of all living cells that carry genetic information. There are normally forty-six chromosomes (twenty-three pairs) in all human cells, with the exception of egg and sperm cells.CHRONIC ILLNESS
A disorder that persists or recurs over an extended period, often for life. Chronic illnesses can be as relatively benign as hay fever or as serious as multiple sclerosis.CITRIC ACID
An organic acid found in citrus fruits. Often used to lower the pH of cosmetic products to bring them closer to the natural pH of the skin.CLOTTING FACTOR
One of several substances, especially vitamin K, that are present in the bloodstream and are important in the process of blood clotting.CO-CARCINOGEN
An agent that acts with another to cause cancer.COENZYME
A molecule that works with an enzyme to enable the enzyme to perform its function in the body. Coenzymes are necessary in the utilization of vitamins and minerals.COLD-PRESSED
A term used to describe food oils that are extracted without the use of heat in order to preserve nutrients and flavor.COLIC
Sharp abdominal pains that result from spasm or obstruction of certain organs or structures, especially the intestines, uterus, or bile ducts.COLONOSCOPE
An instrument for examining the colon.COMPLETE PROTEIN
A source of dietary protein that contains a full complement of the eight essential amino acids.COMPLEX CARBOHYDRATE
A type of carbohydrate that, owing to its chemical structure, releases its sugar into the body relatively slowly and also provides fiber. The carbohydrates in starches and fiber are complex carbohydrates. Also called polysaccharides.COMPLICATION
A secondary infection, reaction, or other negative event that makes recovery from illness more difficult and/or longer.CONGENITAL
Present from birth, but not necessarily inherited.CONJUNCTIVA
The transparent mucous membrane that lines the eyeball and inner surface of the eyelid.CONTRACEPTIVE
Tending to prevent conception, or a device, substance, or method used to prevent pregnancy.CONTRAINDICATION
A reason why a drug or other treatment should not be used in a particular circumstance.CONTUSION
A bruise; an injury in which the skin is not broken.CONVULSION
A seizure characterized by intense, uncontrollable cont4raction of the voluntary muscles that results from abnormal cerebral stimulation.CORTICOSTEROID
A steroid hormone produced by the adrenal gland, or a synthetic version of a such a hormone.CORYZA
The nasal symptoms of the common cold.COSTAL
Pertaining to the ribs.CRANIAL
Pertaining to the skull.CRUCIFEROUS
Literally, "cross-shaped." A term used to refer to a group of vegetables including broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cabbage, cauliflower, turnips, and rutabagas that have characteristic cross-shaped blossoms and that contain substances that may help to prevent colon cancer.CUTANEOUS
Pertaining to the skin.CYSTOSCOPE
Instrument used to examine the urinary bladder.CYT-/CYTO-
Pertaining to a cell or cells (prefix).-DACTYL-
Pertaining to a finger or toe (prefix or suffix).DECONGESTANT
An agent that relieves congestion in the upper respiratory tract is a decongestant. Decongestant herbs include ephedra, lobelia, pennyroyal, valerian and yerba santa.DEMENTIA
A permanent acquired impairment of intellectual function that results in a marked decline in memory, language ability, personality, visuospatial skills, and/or cognition (orientation, perception, reasoning, abstract thinking, and calculation). Dementia can be either static or permanent, and can result from many different causes.DEMULCENT
Demulcent herbs work internally to help soothe and protect he mucous membranes. Some herbs with this property are aloe vera, burdock, chickweed, comfrey, echinacea, fenugreek, flaxseed, Irish moss, kelp, licorice, marshmallow, mullein, oatstraw and psyllium.DERMAL
Pertaining to the skin.DERMATITIS
Inflammation of the skin.DERMIS
The layer of skin that lies underneath the epidermis. Blood and lymphatic vessels and the glands that secrete perspiration and sebum are all found in the dermis.DESENSITIZATION
A treatment sometimes recommended for allergies in which gradually increasing amounts of diluted allergen are injected into the skin with the intent of stimulating the body to develop resistance to it.DETOXIFICATION
The process of reducing the buildup of various poisonous substances in the body.DIAPHORETIC
Diaphoretic herbs help the body produce perspiration thereby helping the skin eliminate toxins. Herbs with diaphoretic properties are angelica, blue vervain, boneset, borage, butcher's broom, capsicum, catnip, chamomile, elder flowers, elecampane, ephedra, garlic, hyssop, lemon balm leaves and yarrow.DIGESTIVE
Digestive herbs aid or promote in the digestion process. These herbs include anise, capsicum, centaury, echinacea, garlic, horseradish, mustard, papaya, safflower and sage.DISINFECTANT
A substance or agent that kills or neutralizes disease-causing microorganisms.DISORIENTATION
The loss of a normal relationship to one's surroundings; the inability to comprehend time, people, and place.DITHIOLTHIONES
Phytochemicals found in broccoli that increase levels of enzymes that help protect against certain types of cancer.DIURETIC
A diuretic is used to increase the flow of urine to relive water retention.DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid. Substance in the cell nucleus that genetically contains the cell's genetic blueprint and determines the type of life form into which a cell will develop.DOSHA
Any of the three types of vital energy in Ayurvedic medicine. It is the balance between the doshas that determines health.DYS-
Improper or abnormal (prefix).DYSMENORRHEA
Medical term for menstrual cramps or pain.DYSPEPSIA
Medical term for indigestion.DYSPNEA
Medical term for shortness of breath.ECHOCARDIOGRAM
A diagnostic test that uses ultrasound to detect structural and functional abnormalities of the heart.EARDRUM
The thin membrane that separates the middle ear from the outer ear. Also called the tympanic membrane.EATING DISORDER
A disorder characterized by a distorted body image, fear of gaining weight, obsession with food, and/or abnormal habits relating to the handling of food.-ECTOMY
Surgical removal of (suffix).EDEMA
Retention of fluid in the tissues that results in swelling.EDTA
Ethylenediaminetetracetic acid. An organic molecule used in chelation therapy.EEG
Electroencephalogram. A test used to measure brain wave activity.EKC (or ECG)
Electrocardiogram. A test that monitors heart function by tracing the conduction of electrical impulses associated with heart activity.ELASTIN
A protein that gives tissue its elasticity.ELECTROLYTE
Soluble salts dissolved in the body's fluids. Electrolytes are the form in which most minerals circulate in the body. They are so named because they are capable of conducting electrical impulses.ELISA
Enzyme-linked immunoadsorbent assay. A test that determines the presence of a particular protein, such as an antibody, by detecting the presence of an enzyme that is linked to that protein.ELLAGIC ACID
A phytochemical found in strawberries and grapes that helps rid the body of free radicals.EMG
Electromyelography. A type of testing used to measure the electrical activity in the muscles to determine whether both the muscles and the nerves that serve those muscles are functioning properly.EMBOLUS
A loose particle of tissue, a blot clot, or a tiny air bubble that travels through the bloodstream and, if it lodges in a narrowed portion of a blood vessel, can block blood flow.EMETIC
An emetic is used to induce vomiting. Emetic herbs include bayberry, boneset, buckthorn, culver, false unicorn, lobelia, mandrake, mistletoe, mustard seed, pleurisy, quassia, rue and senega.-EMIA
Pertaining to the blood (suffix).EMMENAGOGUE
Herbs with emmenagogue properties promote menstrual flow. Some herbs which help with this situation are angelica, aloe vera, black cohosh, blue cohosh, gentian, ginger, goldenseal, horsetail, juniper berries, mistletoe, myrrh, pennyroyal and saffron.EMOLLIENT
This includes herbs used externally to help soften, soothe and protect the skin. Some are almond oil, aloe vera, comfrey, fenugreek, flaxseed, Irish moss, linseed oil, marshmallow, olive oil, slippery elm and wheat germ oil.EMULSION
A comgination of two liquids that do not mix with each other, such as oil and water; one substance is broken into tiny droplets and is suspended within the other. Emulsification is the first step in the digestion of fats.ENCEPHALITIS
An inflammation of the brain.ENDEMIC
Native to or prevalent in a particular geographic region. Often used to describe diseases.ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
The system of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream. Endocrine glands include the pituitary, thyroid, thymus, and adrenal glands, as well as the pancreas, ovaries, and testes.ENDORPHIN
One of a number of natural hormonelike substances found primarily in the brain. One function of endorphins is to suppress the sensation of pain, which they do by binding to opiate receptors in the brain.ENDOSCOPE
Instrument for examining the interior of a hollow organ.ENTERIC
Pertaining to the small intestinesENZYME
One of the many specific protein catalysts that initiate or speed chemical reactions in the body without being consumed.ENZYME-LINKED IMMUNOADSORBENT ASSAY (ELISA)
A test that determines the presence of a particular protein, such as an antibody, in the blood or other fluid. It is the type of test most often used to look for antibodies to HIV, the virus that causes AIDS.EPIDEMIC
An extensive outbreak of a disease, or a disease occurring with an unusually high incidence at certain times and places.EPIDERMIS
The outer layer of the skin.EPSTEIN-BARR VIRUS (EBV)
A virus that causes infectious mononucleosis and that may cause other health problems as well, especially in people with compromised immune systems.ERYTHEMA
Reddening, especially of the skin.ESSENTIAL
A term for nutrients needed for building and repair that cannot be manufactured by the body, and that therefore must be supplied in the diet. At present, there are some forty-two known essential nutrients.ESSENTIAL FATTY ACIDS (EFAs)
Three unsaturated fatty acids arachidonic acid, linoleic acid, and linolenic aicd that are essential for health and cannot be manufactured by the body.ESTROGENIC
Estrogenic herbs promote or produce estrus. Herbs with estrogenic properties include blue cohosh, don quai, false unicorn, fennel and licorice.EUSTACHIAN TUBE
A structure that connects the middle ear to the nasal cavity and the throat, and through which secretions drain away from the ear and into the nose and throat.EXCISION
Surgical cutting away and/or removal of tissue.EXPECTORANT
Expectorants help expel mucus from the lungs, nose and throat. Expectorant herbs include anise seed, blue cohosh, blue vervain, comfrey root, elder flowers, elecampane root, ephedra, flaxseed, fennel, fenugreek, garlic, horehound, hyssop, Irish moss, licorice, lobelia, marshmallow, mullein leaves, slippery elm, wild cherry bark and yerba santa leaves.EXTRACT
A concentrated essence, as of an herb, made by leaching the active properties out with either alcohol or water.FAT-SOLUBLE
Capable of dissolving in the same organic solvents as fats and oils.FATTY ACID
Any one of many organic acids from which fats and oils are made.FBS
Fasting blood sugar. The level of glucose present in a blood sample drawn at least eight hours after the last meal.FEBRIFUGE
Herbs with this property help reduce fevers, similar to refrigerant and antipyretic. Some febrifuges are bilberry, boneset, borage, buckthorn, catnip, chamomile, elder flowers, fenugreek, garlic, gentian, ginger, hyssop, pleurisy root, sarsaparilla, white willow bark and wormwood.FIBER
The indigestible portion of plant matter. Fiber is an important component of a healthy diet because it is capable of binding to toxins and escorting them out of the body.FIBROSIS
A condition characterized by excessive formation of fibrous tissue. Depending on where in the body this happens, it can cause normally elastic tissue to stiffen, which in turn can lead to problems with the functioning of that tissue.FISTULA
An opening or passageway between two organs or body parts that should not exist; it may be the result of injury, disease, or a congenital defect.FLATULENCE
Excessive amounts of gas in the stomach or other parts of the digestive tract.FLAVONOID
Any of a large group of crystalline compounds found in plants. Also called bioflavonoid.FREE RADICAL
An atom or group of atoms that is highly chemically reactive because it has at least one unpaired electron. Because they join so readily with other compounds, free radicals can attack cells and can cause a lot of damage in the body. Free radicals form in heated fats and oils, and as a result of exposure to atmospheric radiation and environmental pollutants among other things.FREE RADICAL SCAVENGER
A substance that removes, destroys, or neutralizes free radicals.FUNGUS
One of a class of organisms that includes yeasts, mold, and mushrooms. A number of fungal species, such as Candida albicans, are capable of causing severe disease in immunocompromised hosts.GALACTAGOGUE
Herbs with galactagogue properties stimulate lactation in women. Galactagogue herbs are anise, basil, blessed thistle, borage, fenugreek, horsetail and vervain.GASTRIC
Pertaining to the stomach.GASTRITIS
Inflammation of the stomach lining.GASTROENTERITIS
Inflammation of the mucous lining of the stomach and the intestines.GASTROINTESTINAL
Pertaining to the stomach, small and large intestines, colon, rectum, liver, pancreas, and gallbladder.GENISTEIN
An isoflavone (a type of phytochemical) found in alfalfa sprouts, broccoli, cabbage, collard greens, kale, and soybeans. It aids with symptoms of perimenopause and may prevent some cancers.GERD
Gastroesophageal reflux disease. Medical term for a syndrome characterized by frequent indigestion or heartburn.GERMICIDE
Germicides destroy germs and other microorganisms. Herbs in this category include cloves, eucalyptus and tea tree.GINGIVITIS
Inflammation of the gums surrounding the teeth.GLAND
An organ or tissue that secretes a substance(s) for use elsewhere in the body rather than for its own functioning.GLOBULIN
A type of protein found in the blood. Certain globulins contain disease-fighting antibodies.GLUCOSE
A simple sugar that is the principal source of energy for the body's cells.GLUTEN
A protein found in many grains, 8including wheat, rye, barley, and oats.GLYCOGEN
A polysaccharide (complex carbohydrate) that is the main form in which glucose is stored in the body, primarily in the liver and muscles. It is converted back into glucose as needed to supply energy.HAIR ANALYSIS
A method of determining the levels of minerals, including both toxic metals and essential minerals, in the body by measuring the concentrations of those minerals in the hair. Unlike mineral levels in the blood, those in the hair reflect the person's status over several preceding months.HDL CHOLESTEROL
A type of lipoprotein (a protein molecule that transports cholesterol in the bloodstream) that is commonly referred to as "good cholesterol" because high levels normally indicate a low risk for heart disease.HEAVY METAL
A metallic element whose specific gravity (a measurement of mass as compared with the mass of water of hydrogen) is greater than 5.0. Some heavy metals, such as arsenic, cadmium, lead, and mercury, are extremely toxic.HEMATOCRIT
The percentage of blood volume that is composed of red blood cells.HEMATOLOGY
Medical specialty dealing with the study and treatment of disorders of the blood.HEMOGLOBIN
The iron-containing red pigment in the blood required for the transport of oxygen.HEMATOMA
A bulge or swelling that is filled with blood. Hematomas are usually the result of a blunt injury or other trauma that causes a blood vessel under the skin to break.HEMICELLULOSE
An indigestible carbohydrate resembling cellulose, found in plant cell walls, that absorbs water.HEMORRHAGE
Profuse or abnormal bleeding.HEMOSTATIC
Hemostatics stop blood flow by acting as antihemorrhagic agents. Herbs in this category include bistort, blackberry, bugleweed, calendula, nettle, periwinkle, shepherd's purse and with hazel.HEPATIC
Pertaining to the liver. Hepatic herbs help to strengthen, tone and increase bile flow to promote normal liver function. Some herbs with hepatic properties are barberry bark, cascara sagrada, dandelion root, gentian, goldenseal, horseradish, mandrake root, milk thistle, olive oil, Oregon grape, parsley, queen of the meadow and rhubarb.HEPATITIS
A general term for inflammation of the liver. It can result from infection or exposure to toxins.HERBAL THERAPY
The use of herbal combinations for healing or cleansing purposes. Herbs can be used in tablet, capsule, tea, tincture, or extract form, as well as in baths and poultices.HERNIA
A condition in which part of an internal organ protrudes, inappropriately, through an opening in the tissues that are supposed to contain it.HERPES
A group of viruses characterized by their tendency to cause skin eruptions or blisters. They include herpes simplex viruses 1 and 2 (HSV1 and HSV2) as well as the varicella-zoster and Epstein-Barr viruses.HIST-/HISTO-
Pertaining to tissue (prefix).HISTAMINE
A chemical released by the immune system that acts on various body tissues. It has the effect of constricting the smooth bronchial tube muscles, dilating small blood vessels, allowing fluid to leak from various tissues, and increasing the secretion of stomach acid.HIV
Human immunodeficiency virus. The virus that causes AIDS.HODGKIN'S DISEASE
A type of lymphoma (cancer of the lymphatic system).HOMEOPATHY
A medical system based on the belief that "like cures like" that is, that illness can be cured by taking a minute dose of a substance that, if taken by a healthy person, would produce symptoms like those being treated. Homeopathy employs a variety of plant, animal, and mineral substances in very small doses to stimulate the body's natural healing powers and to bring the body back into balance.HORMONE
One of numerous essential substances produced by the endocrine glands that regulate many bodily functions.HOST
An organism in or on which another organism lives and from which the invading organism obtains nourishment.HYALURONIC ACID
An organic acid known as the most effective natural skin moisturizer. It is present in human skin and is able to hold 500 times its own weight in water.HYDROCHLORIC ACID
A strong, corrosive inorganic acid that is produced in the stomach to aid in digestion.HYDROGENATION
A chemical process used to turn liquid oils into more solid form by bombarding the oil molecules with hydrogen atoms. Hydrogenation destroys the nutritional value of the oils and also results in the formation of potentially cis- and trans-fatty acids, strangely altered fatty acid molecules that do not occur in nature.HYDROLYZED PROTEIN
A common food additive that is a source of hidden gluten in food products, a hazard for people with celiac disease.HYPER-
Too much or too high (prefix)HYPERCALCEMIA
The presence of abnormally high amounts of calcium in the blood.HYPERTENSION
High blood pressure. Generally hypertension is defined as a regular resting pressure over 140/90.HYPO
Too little or too low (prefix).HYPOALERGENIC
Having a low capacity for inducing hypersensitive (allergic) reactions.HYPOCALCEMIA
The presence of abnormally low amounts of calcium in the blood.HYPOTENSION
Low blood pressure.HYPOTENSIVE
Hypotensive herbs lower the blood pressure, similar to an antihypertensive which is an agent that lowers blood pressure. Hypotensive herbs include astragalus, barberry, celery, dong quai, kelp, mistletoe, rhubarb and wood betony.HYPOTHALAMUS
A portion of the brain that regulates many aspects of metabolism, including body temperature and the hunger response.HYSTER-
Pertaining to the uterus (prefix).IDIOPATHIC
Term describing a disease of unknown cause.IMMUNE DEFICIENCY
Failure of the immune system to function normally in response to disease or infection.IMMUNE GLOBULIN
A protein that functions as an antibody in the body's immune response. Immune globulins are manufactured by certain white blood cells and found in body fluids and on mucous membranes.IMMUNE SYSTEM
A complex system that depends on the interaction of many different organs, cells, and proteins. Its chief function is to identify and eliminate foreign substances such as harmful bacteria that have invaded the body. The liver, spleen, thymus, bone marrow, and lymphatic system all play vital roles in the proper functioning of the immune system.IMMUNITY
The condition of being able to resist and overcome disease or infection.IMMUNODEFICIENCY
A defect in the functioning of the immune system. It can be inherited or acquired, reversible or permanent. Immunodeficiency renders the body more susceptible to illness of every type, especially infectious illnesses.IMMUNOLOGY
The branch of medical science that deals with the functioning of the immune system.IMMUNOTHERAPY
Treatment of disease by using techniques to stimulate or strengthen the immune system.IMMUNOSTIMULANT
Immunostimulants enhance or boost the body's natural defense against illness and disease. Herbs with this ability include astragalus, barley, dong quai, kombucha, maitake, queen of the meadow, reishi and shitake.INCUBATION PERIOD
The period of time between exposure to an infectious disease and the appearance of symptoms, during which the infection is developing.INFECTION
Invasion of body tissues by disease-causing organisms such as viruses, protozoa, fungi, or bacteria.INFESTATION
An invasion of the body by parasites such as insects, worms, or protozoa.INFLAMMATION
A reaction to illness or injury characterized by swelling, warmth, and redness.INFUSION
A preparation made by steeping herbs in hot water; tea.INGUINAL
Pertaining to the groin.INSECTICIDE
Insecticides are used to kill insects. Bayberry is an herb with this ability.INSOMNIA
The inability to sleep.INSULIN
A hormone produced by the pancreas that regulates the metabolism of glucose (sugar) in the body.INTERACTION
A phenomenon that occurs when two or more substances affect one another's activity or combine to create a different effect than any of them would have on its own. Any substance introduced into the body can potentially interact with another substance or substances already present. Drugs, food, herbs, minerals, and vitamins can all interact with one another.INTERFERON
A protein produced by the cells in response to viral infection that prevents viral reproduction and is capable of protecting uninfected cells from viral infection. There are different types of interferon, designated alpha, beta, and gamma.INTERLEUKIN
Any of a number of immune system chemicals manufactured by the body to aid in fighting infection.INTESTINAL FLORA
The "friendly" bacteria present in the intestines that are essential for the digestion and metabolism of certain nutrients.INTOLERANCE
Nutritionally, the inability to digest a particular food, usually due to a lack or deficiency of certain enzymes.INTRAVENOUS (IV) INFUSION
The use of a needle inserted in a vein to assist in fluid replacement or the giving of medication.ISCHEMIA
The condition of being starved for blood. Ischemia affecting the heart or brain can cause a heart attack or stroke.ISOFLAVONES
A class of phytochemical that inhibits the uptake of estrogen, which may help prevent estrogen based cancers such as breast cancer.-ITIS
Inflammation of (suffix).IU
International unit. A measure of potency based on an accepted international standard. Dosages of vitamin A and E supplements, among others, are usually measured in international units. Because this is a measurement of potency, not weight or volume, the number of milligrams in an international unit varies, depending on the substance being measured.JAUNDICE
Visible yellowing of the skin and eyes that occurs when bile is not processed properly and so accumulates in those tissues.KETOACIDOSIS
A complication of diabetes, caused by a high blood sugar episode, that can lead to loss of consciousness, coma, or even death if not properly and promptly treated.LACERATION
An injury to which tissue I torn.LACTASE
An enzyme that converts lactose into glucose and galactose. It is necessary for the digestion of milk and milk products.LACTIC ACID
An acid that results from anaerobic glucose metabolism. It is present in certain foods, including certain fruits and sour milk (when milk becomes sour, this means that some of the lactose, or milk sugar, it contained has been converted into lactic acid). Lactic acid is also produced in the muscles during anaerobic exercise. It is the buildup of lactic acid that causes muscle fatigue during strenuous activity. Synthetic lactic acid is used in food products as a flavoring and preservative.LACTOBACILLI
Any of a number of species of bacteria that are capable of transforming lactose (milk sugar) into lactic acid through fermentation. Lactobacilli are naturally present in the colon and are sometimes referred to as "friendly" bacteria because they aid in digestion and fight certain disease-causing microorganisms. The two species of lactobacilli most commonly available in supplement form are L. acidophilus and L bifidus.LASER
Light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation. An instrument that focuses highly amplified light waves. Lasers are used in surgical procedures, especially eye surgery.LAXATIVE
A substance that tends to stimulate the bowels to move.LDL CHOLESTEROL
A type of lipoprotein (a protein molecule that transports cholesterol in the bloodstream) that is commonly referred to as "bad cholesterol" because high levels normally indicate a high risk of heart disease.LECITHIN
A mixture of phospholipids that is composed of fatty acids, glycerol, phosphorus, and choline or inositol. All living cell membranes are largely composed of lecithin.LEUKEMIA
Cancer of the blood-producing tissues, especially the bone marrow and lymph nodes, resulting in an overabundance of white blood cells. It can be either acute (most common in children) or chronic (most common in adults). It is similar in certain respects to Hodgkin's disease.LIGAMENT
A cord of fibrous tissue that connects one bone with another.LIMBIC SYSTEM
A group of deep brain structures that, among other things, transmit the perception of pain to the brain and generate an emotional reaction to it.LIMONOIDS
Phytochemicals found in citrus fruits that may inhibit the production of cancerous tumors.LIPID
Substances found in nature that are soluble in the same organic solvents as fats and oils are. Important nutritional lipids include choline, gamma-linlenic acid, inositol, lecithin, and linoleic acid.LIPOPROTEIN
A type of protein molecule that incorporates a lipid. Lipoproteins act as agents of lipid transport in the lymph and blood.LIPOTROPIC
Any number of substances that help to prevent the accumulation of abnormal or excessive amounts of fat in the liver, control blood sugar levels, and enhance fat and carbohydrate metabolism. Commonly used lipotropics include choline, inositol, and methionine.LITHOTRIPTIC
These are herbs help dissolve and eliminate urinary stones from the body. They include buchu leaves, butcher's broom, cascara sagrada, cornsilk, dandelion, devil's claw, horsetail, marshmallow, parsley, queen of the meadow, uva ursi and white oak bark.LUMBAR
Pertaining to the lower back, between the bottom of the rib cage and the pelvis.LUTEIN
A phytochemical (one of the carotenoids) found in kale, spinach, and other dark green leafy vegetables that is beneficial for the eyes. It may help protect against macular degeneration.LYCOPENE
A phytochemical found in tomatoes that appear to afford protection against prostate cancer and to protect the skin against harm from ultraviolet rays.LYMPH
A clear fluid derived from blood plasma that circulates throughout the body, is collected from the tissues, and flows through the lymphatic vessels, eventually returning to the bloodstream. Its function is to nourish tissue cells and return waste matter to the bloodstream.LYMPH NODES
Organs located in the lymphatic vessels that act as filters, trapping and removing foreign material. They also form lymphocytes, immune cells that develop the capacity to seek out and destroy specific foreign agents.LYMPHADENOPATHY
Enlargement of a lymph node or nodes as a result of the presence of a foreign substance or disease. This condition is often referred to as "swollen glands."LYMPHOCYTE
A type of blood cell found in lymph, blood, and other specialized tissues, such as the bone marrow and tonsils. There are several different categories of lymphocytes, designated B-lymphocytes, T-lymphocytes, and null (or non-B, non-T) lymphocytes. These cells are crucial components of the immune system. B-lymphocytes are primarily responsible for antibody production, whereas the T-lymphocytes are involved in the direct attack against invading organisms. It is the T-helper cell, a subtype of T-lymphocyte, that is the primary cell infected and destroyed by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the virus that causes AIDS.LYMPHOKINE
Any of a group of substances produced by the cells of the immune system when exposed to antigens. They are not antibodies, but rather perform such functions as stimulating the production of additional lymphocytes and activating other immune cells.LYMPHOMA
Cancer of the lymphatic tissues.MACROBIOTICS
A dietary approach adapted from Far Eastern philosophy whose basic principle consists of balancing the yin and yang energies of foods. Yin foods, such as water are expansive; yang foods, such as salt or meat, are contractile. For the most part, the macrobiotic diet consists of whole grain cereals, millet, rice, soups, and vegetables, with beans and supplementary foods depending on the individual and supplementary foods depending on the individual and the condition. Different conditions are considered either yin or yang, so the macrobiotic program must be adapted to each individual.MACROPHAGE
A type of immune cell that surrounds and digests foreign materials and cellular debris in the body.MALABSORPTION
Nutritionally, a defect in the absorption of nutrients from the intestinal tract into the bloodstream.MALIGNANT
Literally "evil." Used to refer to cells or groups of cells that are cancerous and likely to spread.MAMMOGRAPHY
An x-ray examination of the breast.MELANOMA
A malignant tumor originating from pigment cells in the deep layers of the skin.MENOPAUSE
The cessation of menstruation, caused by a sharp decrease in the production of the sex hormones estrogen and progesterone. Menopause usually occurs after the age of forty-five or following the removal of the female reproductive organs.METABOLISM
The physical and chemical processes necessary to sustain life, including the production of cellular energy, the synthesis of important biological substances, and degradation of various compounds.METABOLITE
A substance produced as a s result of a metabolic process.METASTASIS
The spread of cancer to a site or sites away from the original tumor.MICROGRAM
A measurement of weight equivalent to 1/1,000 milligram. Abbreviated as mcg.MICROORGANISM
A microscopically small organism, such as a bacterium, fungus, or protozoan.MILLIGRAM
A measurement of weight equivalent to 1/1,000 gram (a gram is equal to approximately 1/28 ounce). Abbreviated as mg.MINERAL
An inorganic substance required by the body in small quantities.MONILIA
An infectious fungus also known as candida.MONOTERPENES
Phytochemicals found in citrus fruits, eggplant, green vegetables, tomatoes, and yams that act as antioxidants and help protect the immune system.MRI
Magnetic resonance imaging. A technique used in diagnosis that combines the use of radio waves and a strong magnetic field to produce detailed images of the internal structures of the body.MUCILANT
Herbs that are considered mucilants have mucilage properties, which have a soothing and demulcent effect. They coat and protect mucous membranes from irritations. Mucilants have a wide variety of applications including coughs, sore throats, and irritated stomach, bowels, bladder and kidneys. They can also be used for laxatives, cream and ointments because of their soothing effects. Mucilant herbs include aloe vera, chickweed, coltsfoot, comfrey, flaxseed, Iceland moss, marshmallow, plantain, psyllium seed and slippery elm.MUCOUS MEMBRANES
Membranes that line the cavities and canals of the body that communicate with the air. Examples include the membranes lining the inside of the mouth, nose, anus, and vagina.MYELO-
Pertaining to bone marrow (prefix).MYELIN SHEATH
A fatty covering that protects nerve cells. Myelin sheaths are noticeably damaged or missing in people with multiple sclerosis.MYO-
Pertaining to muscle (prefix).NARCOTIC
A powerful drug that blocks the perception of pain by binding with receptors in the central nervous system. It is this interaction with body chemistry that makes narcotics addictive.NATUROPATHY
A form of health care that uses diet, herbs, and other natural methods and substances to cure illness. The goal is to produce a healthy body state without the use of drugs by stimulating innate defenses.NARCOTIC
Herbs with narcotic agents can be used to soothe intractable pain or to induce anesthesia. Herbs with these agents should be used carefully. They include bugleweed, guarana and wild lettuce. Herbs that can be used to counteract narcotic effects include alfalfa (for addiction) and marjoram and mustard (for poisoning).NEOPLASM
Medical term for a tumor.NEPHRITIC
These are used in healing kidney problems. Herbs with nephritic properties include buchu leaves, couch grass root, goldenseal, horsetail, hydrangea, juniper berries, Oregon grape and queen of the meadow root.NERVINE
Nervine herbs help soothe, calm and nourish the nervous system. Nervine herbs include black cohosh, blue vervain, boneset, catnip, chamomile, cramp bark, damiana, gotu kola, hops, lady's slipper, lemon balm, lobelia, oatstraw, passion flower, skullcap, valerian root and wood betony.NEUROPATHY
A complex of symptoms caused by abnormalities in motor or sensor nerves. Symptoms may include tingling or numbness, especially in the hands or feet, followed by gradual, progressive muscular weakness.NEUROTRANSMITTER
A chemical that transmits nerve impulses from one nerve cell to another. Major neurotransmitters include acetylcholine, dopamine, gamma-aminobutyric acid, norepinephrine, and serotonin.NONSTEROIDAL ANTI-INFLAMMATORY DRUG (NSAID)
Any of a class of drugs often used as painkillers for mild to moderate pain; some are available by prescription only.NUCLEIC ACID
Any of a class of chemical compounds found in all viruses and plant and animal cells. Ribonucleic acid (RNA) and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), which contain the genetic instructions for every living cell, are two principal types.NUTRACEUTICAL
A food- or nutrient-based product or supplement designed and/or used for a specific clinical and/or therapeutic purpose.NUTRIENT
A substance that is needed by the body to maintain life and health.NUTRITIVE
Nutritive agents nourish the body. Herbs with nutritive properties include alfalfa, amaranth, barley, bee pollen, chickweed, comfrey, guarana, Iceland moss, Irish moss, kelp, marshmallow, nettle, oatstraw, papaya, pumpkin, red clover, rose hips, slippery elm, suma, watercress and yellow dock.OCCULT BLOOD TEST
A test that detects the presence of blood in bodily excretions such as stool, sputum, or urine. It is most often used in screening for cancer.ONCOLOGIST
A cancer specialist.ONCOLOGY
The medical specialty dealing with cancer.ORGANIC
A term used to describe foods that are grown without the use of synthetic chemicals, such as pesticides, herbicides, and hormones.OSSEO-
Pertaining to bone (prefix).OSTEO-
Pertaining to bone (prefix).OSTEOPATHY
A system of medicine based on the belief that the body is a vital mechanical organism whose structural and functional integrity are coordinated and interdependent, and that disturbances in the musculoskeletal system can therefore cause disorders elsewhere in the body. Because of this philosophy, although osteopaths can prescribe drugs and perform surgery, they are more likely to recommend physical therapy or musculoskeletal manipulation as the treatment of first choice.OSTEOPOROSIS
A disorder in which minerals leach out of the bones, rendering them progressively more porous and fragile.-OTOMY
Surgical incision into (suffix)OXIDATION
A chemical reaction in which oxygen reacts with another substance, resulting in a chemical transformation. Many oxidation reactions result in some type of deterioration or spoilage.OXYTOCIC
Oxytocic herbs help stimulate uterine contractions to assist and/or induce a safe labor and delivery. Herbs with oxytocic properties are black cohosh, blue cohosh, pennyroyal, and red raspberry.PAP TEST
Microscopic examination of cells collected from the vagina and cervix to test for signs of cancer.PARASITE
An organism that lives on or in another oganism and obtains nourishment from it.PARASITICIDE
Parasiticidic herbs are those that destroy parasites in the body. Herbs with parasiticidic agents include chaparral, feverfew, figwort, horseradish, mandrake, papaya, parsley, peach, pennyroyal, plantain, pumpkin, rhubarb, sage, thyme, vervain, wild cherry and wood betony.PAROTID GLAND
One of the two saliva-producing glands located in the back of the mouth, below and in front of the ears.PATHOGEN
A toxin or small organisms that can cause disease.PECTORAL
Pectoral agents give relief and remedy pulmonary and other respiratory conditions. Examples of pectorals are chickweed, coltsfoot, couch grass, hyssop, Iceland moss and wild cherry.-PENIA
Deficiency of (suffix).PEPTIC
Pertaining to digestion.PEPTIDE
A substance composed of two or more amino acids.PERIMENOPAUSE
The period before menopause possibly starting as much as ten years before during which women may experience uncomfortable symptoms because of fluctuating hormones.PERISTALSIS
The rhythmic contractions of the muscles of the digestive tract that move matter into the stomach, through the intestines, and, ultimately, out of the body.PERITONEUM
The membrane that lines the entire abdominal cavity and folds to surround the abdominal organs.pH
Potential of hydrogen. A scale used to measure the relative acidity or alkalinity of substances. The scale runs from 0 to 14.A pH of 7 is considered neutral; numbers below 7 denote increasing acidity and numbers above 7 denote increasing alkalinity.PHARYNGITIS
A medical term for sore throat.PHENYLKETONURIA (PKU)
An inherited disorder caused by a lack of an enzyme necessary to convert the amino acid phenylalanine into another amino acid, tyrosine, so that excesses can be eliminated from the body. A buildup of excess phenylalanine in the blood can lead to neurological disturbances and mental retardation.PHLEB-/PHLEBO-
Pertaining to veins (prefix)PITUITARY
A gland located at the base of the brain that secretes a number of different hormones. Pituitary hormones regulate growth and metabolism by coordinating the actions of other endocrine glands.PLACEBO
A pharmacologically inactive substance primarily used in experiments to provide a basis for comparison with pharmacologically active substances.-PLASTY
Surgical repair (suffix)PLAQUE
An unwanted deposit of a certain substance on tissues, often with the potential to cause some type of health problem. The buildup of plaque in the arteries is a leading cause of cardiovascular disease; plaque deposits on the teeth can lead to gum disease; Alzheimer's disease is associated with the accumulation of characteristic plaques in brain tissue.PNEUMO-
Pertaining to the lungs (prefix).POSTERIOR
In or toward the back.PRECANCEROUS LESION
Abnormal tissue that is not malignant, but that may be in the process of becoming so.PROBIOTICS
Elements that encourage the growth of beneficial bacteria in the body.PROGNOSIS
A forecast as to the likely course and/or outcome of a disorder or condition.PROGESTERONE
A hormone whose functions include preparing a woman's body for pregnancy in the second half of the menstrual cycle. Progesterone cream is used in hormone replacement therapy to prevent vaginal atrophy.PROSTAGLANDIN
A number of hormone-like chemicals that are made in the body from essential fatty acids and that have important effects on target organs. They influence the secretion of hormones and enzymes, and are important in regulating the inflammatory response, blood pressure, and blood-clotting time.PSA TEST
Prostate-specific antigen test. A blood test that is used to detect problems with the prostate gland, including cancer.PROTEIN
Any of many complex nitrogen-based organic compounds made up of different combinations of amino acids. Proteins are basic elements of all animal and vegetable tissues. Biological substances such as hormones and enzymes also are composed of protein. The body makes the specific proteins it needs for growth, repair, and other functions from amino acids that are either extracted from dietary protein or manufactured from other amino acids.PROTEOLYTIC ENZYMES
Enzymes that break down dietary proteins, yet do not attack the proteins that make up the normal cells of the body. Proteolytic enzymes may have value in fighting cancer and other diseases. Cancer cells have a type of protein coating; theoretically, if this coating is destroyed by proteolytic enzymes, the white blood cells would be able to attack the cancer cells and destroy them.PULMONARY
Pertaining to the lungs.PURGATIVE
A cathartic or purgative herb is used for purging and stimulating the action of evacuating the bowels. This action may be mild or strong depending on the need. Purgatives are similar to laxatives. Herbs considered to be purgative include aloe vera, barberry bark, boneset, buckthorn bark, cascara sagrada, elder flowers, goldenseal, mandrake, Oregon grape root, psyllium, rhubarb root and senna leaves.PURULENT
Containing or causing the production of pus.PYRO-
Pertaining to fever (prefix).RADIATION
Energy that is emitted or transmitted in the form of waves. The term is often used to refer to radioactivity; however, radioactivity is a specific type of radiation that comes from the decay of unstable atoms.RADIATION THERAPY
A type of treatment, most often used for cancer, that involves the use of ionizing radiation, including Roentgen rays, radium, or other radioactive substances to destroy specific areas of tissue. Also called radiotherapy.RAST
Radioallergosorbent test. A blood test that measures levels of specific antibodies produced by the body's immune system, used to test for allergic reactions.RDA
Recommended daily allowance. The amount of a vitamin or other nutrient that should be consumed daily in order to prevent nutritional deficiency. RDAs are determined by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.RED BLOOD CELL
A blood cell that contains the red pigment hemoglobin and transports oxygen and carbon dioxide in the bloodstream.REMISSION
Lessening or reversal of the signs and symptoms of disease. This term is used particularly of serious and/or chronic illnesses such as cancer and multiple sclerosis.RENAL
Pertaining to the kidneys.RETINOIC ACID
Vitamin A acid. A form of retinoic acid is the active ingredient in the medication Retin-A.RETROVIRUS
A type of virus that has RNA as its core nucleic acid and contains an enzyme called reverse transcriptase that permits the virus to copy its RNA into the DNA of infected cells, in effect taking over the cells' genetic machinery. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the virus that causes AIDS, is a retrovirus. Retroviruses are also known to cause certain types of cancer in animals and are suspected of causing forms of leukemia and lymphoma in humans.RHINO-
Pertaining to the nose (prefix).RNA
Ribonucleic acid. A complex protein found in plant and animal cells. RNA carries coded genetic information from DNA, in the cell nucleus, to protein-producing cell structures called ribosomes, where these instructions are translated into the form of protein molecules the basic component of all living tissue.RUBEFACIENT
Rubefacient properties help to increase the flow of blood to the surface of the skin to aid in healing in cases such as sprains and muscle soreness. Rubefacient herbs include camphor, capsicum, cloves, eucalyptus, garlic, ginger, horseradish, mustard seed, peppermint oil, pine oil, stinging nettle and thyme oil.SATURATED FAT
A fat that is solid at room temperature. Most saturated fats are of animal origin, although a few, such as coconut oil and palm oil, come from plants.SATURATION
With regard to fats, the term "saturation" refers to the chemical structure of the fatty acid molecules, specifically the number of hydrogen atoms present. Fat molecules that cannot incorporate any additional hydrogen atoms are said to be saturated; those that could incorporate one additional hydrogen atom are referred to as monounsaturated; and those that could incorporate two or more additional hydrogen atoms are referred to as polyunsaturated.SCRATCH TEST
A procedure in which a small amount of suspected allergen is applied to a lightly scratched area of the skin to test for an allergic reaction.SEBACEOUS GLANDS
Glands in the skin that secrete sebum.SEBUM
The oily secretion produced by glands in the skin.SECONDARY INFECTION
An infection that develops after and is made possible by the presence or effect of a previous infection, inflammation, or other condition, but that is not necessarily directly caused by it.SEDATIVE
Sedative herbs help to relieve irritability and promote calm and tranquil feelings. Some sedative herbs are catnip, chamomile, cramp bark, dong quai, hawthorn, hops, kava kava, lady's slipper, lobelia, passion flower, red clover, St. John's wort, schizandra, skullcap, valerian and wood betony.SEIZURE
A sudden, brief episode characterized by changes in consciousness, perception, muscular motion, and/or behavior. A convulsion is a type of seizure.SEROTONIN
A neurotransmitter found principally in the brain that is considered essential for relaxation, sleep, and concentration.SERUM
The fluid portion of the blood.SIALOGUGE
Herbs with this property help to promote the flow and secretion of saliva which aids in the digestion of starches. Sialoguge herbs include bayberry, capsicum, echinacea, gentian, ginger, horseradish, hydrangea, licorice, prickly ash, rhubarb and yerba santa.SIMPLE CARBOHYDRATE
At type of carbohydrate that, owing to its chemical structure, is rapidly digested and absorbed into the bloodstream. Glucose, lactose, and fructose are examples of simple carbohydrates.SORBIC ACID
An organic acid used as a food preservative.STEROID
One of a group of fat-soluble organic compounds with a characteristic chemical composition. A number of different hormones, drugs, and other substances including cholesterol are classified as steroids.STIMULANT
Stimulants help to increase the function of the body's energy levels, circulation as well as helping to eliminate toxins. Herbs with stimulant properties are angelica, boneset, capsicum, damiana, devil's claw, echinacea, elder flowers, elecampane, ephedra, false unicorn, garlic, gentian, ginger, Ginkgo biloba, ginseng, ho-shou-wu, milk thistle, prickley ash bark, saffron, sarsaparilla root and suma.STOMACHIC
Stomachics are used to strengthen and tone the stomach. Herbs in the stomachic category include agrimony, anise, barberry, basil, caraway, celery, chinchina, cloves, dandelion, gentian, ginseng, gymnema, hops, horseradish, papaya, peach, pennyroyal, quassia, rhubarb, rosehips and watercress.STREPTOCOCCUS
A genus of bacteria, many members of which cause disease (including strep throat and scarlet fever) by destroying red blood cells.STROKE
An attack in which the brain is suddenly deprived of oxygen as a result of interrupted blood flow. If it continues for more than a few minutes, brain damage and even death may result.SUBLINGUAL
Literally, "under the tongue." Sublingual medications and supplements often look like tablets or liquids meant for swallowing, but they are designed to be held in the mouth while the active ingredient is absorbed into the bloodstream through the mucous membranes.SYMPTOM
An alteration in normal feeling or functioning experienced as a result of a bodily disorder.SYNCOPE
Temporary loss of consciousness; fainting.SYNDROME
A group of signs and symptoms that together are known or presumed to characterize a disorder.SYNERGY
An interaction between two or more substances in which their action is greater when they are together than the sum of their individual actions would be.SYSTEMIC
Pertaining to the entire body.T CELL
A type of lymphocyte that is a crucial part of the immune system.TACHYCARDIA
Abnormally fast heartbeat.TERATOGEN
An agent that causes malformation of a developing embryo or fetus.THORACIC
Pertaining to the chest.THROMBUS
An obstruction in a blood vessel.THRUSH
A fungal infection caused by Candida albicans that is characterized by small whitish spots on the tongue and the insides of the cheeks. It occurs most often in infants and in persons with compromised immune systems.TINCTURE
A concentrated essence made by using alcohol to extract and concentrate the active properties of a substance, such as an herb.TOPICAL
Pertaining to the surface of the body.TOXICITY
The quality of being poisonous. Toxicity reactions in the body impair bodily functions and/or damage cells.TOXIN
A poison that impairs the health and functioning of the body.TRACE ELEMENT
A mineral required by the body in extremely small quantities.TRIGLYCERIDE
A compound consisting of three fatty acids plus glycerol. Triglycerides are the form in which fat is stored in the body and are the primary type of lipid in the diet.TUMOR
An abnormal mass of tissue that serves no function. Tumors are usually categorized as either benign or malignant (cancerous)TYPE A PERSONALITY
A personality that tends to be impatient and aggressive. Persons with type A personalities tend to have stronger stress reactions and may be more susceptible to cardiovascular disease.TYPE B PERSONALITY
A personality that tends to be relaxed and patient, and less reactive to stress. Those with type B personalities may be less prone to develop stress-related illnesses such as high blood pressure and heart disease.ULTRASOUND
Ultra-high-frequency sound waves. Ultrasound technology is used in a number of different medical diagnostic and treatment tools.UNSATURATED FAT
Any of a number of dietary fats that are liquid at room temperature. Unsaturated fats come from vegetable sources and are good sources of essential fatty acids. Examples include flaxseed oil, sunflower oil, safflower oil, and primrose oil.VACCINE
A preparation administered to achieve immunity against a specific agent by inducing the body to make antibodies to that agent. A vaccine may be a suspension of living or dead microorganisms, or a solution of an allergen or viral or bacterial antigens.VASCULAR
Pertaining to the circulatory system.VASOCONSTRICTOR
Vasocontricting herbs help to constrict blood vessels and raise blood pressure, they include butcher's broom, ergot and heather.VASODILATOR
Vasodilating agents expand blood vessels and lower blood pressure. Herbs in this category include feverfew, hawthorn and ho-shou-wu.VEIN
One of the blood vessels that returns the blood from the body tissues to the heart.VENOM
A poisonous substance produced by an animal, such as certain snakes and insects.VIRUS
Any of a vast group of minute, often disease causing, structures composed of a protein coat and a core of DNA and/or RNA. Because they are incapable of reproducing on their own (they must reproduce inside the cells of an infected host), viruses are not technically considered living organisms. Unlike bacteria, viruses are not affected by antibiotics.VISUALIZATION
A technique that involves consciously using the mind to influence the health and functioning of the body. Also called creative visualization.VITAL SIGNS
Basic indicators of an individual's health status, including pulse, breathing, blood pressure, and body temperature.VITAMIN
One of approximately fifteen organic substances that are essential in small quantities for life and health. Most vitamins cannot be manufactured by the body and so need to be supplied in the diet.VULNERARY
Herbs with vulnerary properties are used to help promote the healing of wounds, cuts and abrasions. Some used are aloe vera, black walnut, burdock, capsicum, fenugreek, flaxseed, garlic, gentian, goldenseal, hops, horsetail, mullein, oatstraw and plantain leaves.WATER SOLUBLE
Capable of dissolving in water.WHITE BLOOD CELL
A blood cell that functions in fighting infection and in wound repair.WITHDRAWAL
The process of adjustment that occurs when the use of a habit-forming substance to which the body has become accustomed is discontinued.YANG
In Chinese medicine, one of the two vital principles that must be in balance to create harmony and balance in the body. Yang is heat, light, and dryness. Yang organs include the spleen, gallbladder, intestines, and the skin.YEAST
A type of single-celled fungus. Certain types of yeast can cause infection, most commonly in the mouth, vagina, or gastrointestinal tract. Common yeast infections include vaginitis and thrush.YIN
In Chinese medicine, one of the two vital principles that must be in balance to create harmony and balance in the body. Yin is cold, shadow, and moisture. Yin organs include the heart, liver, kidneys, lungs, and bones.
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